New Environment courses in all departments from MIT OpenCourseWare, provider of free and open MIT course materials. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/environment/ 2013-06-14T17:40:17+05:00 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu en-US Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This capstone course is a group design project involving integration of nuclear physics, particle transport, control, heat transfer, safety, instrumentation, materials, environmental impact, and economic optimization. It provides opportunities to synthesize knowledge acquired in nuclear and non-nuclear subjects and apply this knowledge to practical problems of current interest in nuclear applications design. Each year, the class takes on a different design project; this year, the project is a power plant design that ties together the creation of emission-free electricity with carbon sequestration and fossil fuel displacement. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments.This course is an elective subject in MIT’s undergraduate Energy Studies Minor. This Institute-wide program complements the deep expertise obtained in any major with a broad understanding of the interlinked realms of science, technology, and social sciences as they relate to energy and associated environmental challenges. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=64eb00b9ae03b27f96d13561425b1a5b http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-033-nuclear-systems-design-project-fall-2011 Short, Michael 2012-07-24T14:52:07+05:00 22.033 22.33 en-US nuclear energy reactor design design optimization biofuel carbon sequestration MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This class assesses current and potential future energy systems, covering resources, extraction, conversion, and end-use technologies, with emphasis on meeting regional and global energy needs in the 21st century in a sustainable manner. Instructors and guest lecturers will examine various renewable and conventional energy production technologies, energy end-use practices and alternatives, and consumption practices in different countries. Students will learn a quantitative framework to aid in evaluation and analysis of energy technology system proposals in the context of engineering, political, social, economic, and environmental goals. Students taking the graduate version, Sustainable Energy, complete additional assignments. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=8a0abc0a9a8bf00ca9b70362133eb0c8 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-081j-introduction-to-sustainable-energy-fall-2010 Golay, Michael Field, Randall Green Jr., William Wright, John C. 2012-02-13T14:04:06+05:00 22.081J 2.650J 10.291J 1.818J 2.65J 10.391J 11.371J 22.811J ESD.166J en-US energy transfer clean technologies energy resource assessment energy conversion wind power nuclear proliferation nuclear waste disposal carbon management options geothermal energy solar photovoltaics solar thermal energy biomass energy biomass conversion eco-buildings hydropower MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This class provides a historical survey of the ways that people have interacted with their closest animal relatives, for example: hunting, domestication of livestock, exploitation of animal labor, scientific study of animals, display of exotic and performing animals, and pet keeping. Themes include changing ideas about animal agency and intelligence, our moral obligations to animals, and the limits imposed on the use of animals. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=46f17e4739a23d521d7e72667a3cacfb http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/history/21h-909j-people-and-other-animals-fall-2010 Ritvo, Harriet 2011-06-08T13:11:34+05:00 21H.909J 21H.969J 21A.390J 21A.835J en-US people animals hunting domestication livestock animal labor scientific experimentation pets zoos selective breeding vivisection vegetarian animal cruelty poaching conservation cloning colonialism imperialism mad cow disease taxidermy natural history museum ethology primatology animal welfare biodiversity MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This class examines the relationship between the study of natural history, both domestic and exotic, by Europeans and Americans, and exploration and exploitation of the natural world, focusing on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=481f35dd9263d25ff9da2cfebe652985 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/history/21h-968j-nature-environment-and-empire-spring-2010 Ritvo, Harriet 2010-12-16T07:57:40+05:00 21H.968J STS.415J en-US imperialism colonization global exploration environment nature natural history domestic animals Charles Darwin James Cook MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm Water supply is a problem of worldwide concern: more than 1 billion people do not have reliable access to clean drinking water. Water is a particular problem for the developing world, but scarcity also impacts industrial societies. Water purification and desalination technology can be used to convert brackish ground water or seawater into drinking water. The challenge is to do so sustainably, with minimum cost and energy consumption, and with appropriately accessible technologies. This subject will survey the state-of-the-art in water purification by desalination and filtration. Fundamental thermodynamic and transport processes which govern the creation of fresh water from seawater and brackish ground water will be developed. The technologies of existing desalination systems will be discussed, and factors which limit the performance or the affordability of these systems will be highlighted. Energy efficiency will be a focus. Nanofiltration and emerging technologies for desalination will be considered. A student project in desalination will involve designing a well-water purification system for a village in Haiti. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=12ade015f8b42a694aac22e9e8ebc7dc http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-500-desalination-and-water-purification-spring-2009 Lienhard, John Balaban, Miriam 2009-12-29T15:50:35+05:00 2.500 en-US reverse osmosis seawater electrodialysis student work distillation flash evaporation power generation wastewater treatment particulate removal system engineering cogeneration solar still chlorination Haiti MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course examines alternative conceptions and theoretical underpinnings of the notion of "sustainable development." It focuses on the sustainability problems of industrial countries (i.e., aging of populations, sustainable consumption, institutional adjustments, etc.); and of developing states and economies in transition (i.e., managing growth, sustainability of production patterns, pressures of population change, etc.). It also explores the sociology of knowledge around sustainability, the economic and technological dimensions and institutional imperatives along with implications for political constitution of economic performance. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=3ccd07c201fd4fbc84b9f3e79e2ff506 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/political-science/17-181-sustainable-development-theory-and-policy-spring-2009 Choucri, Nazli 2009-12-14T14:00:05+05:00 17.181 17.182 en-US political theory sustainable development industrial ized nations aging population consumption developing countries economics production sociology technology regulation public policy environment business 17.181 17.182 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This class serves as an introduction to mass transport in environmental flows, with emphasis given to river and lake systems. The class will cover the derivation and solutions to the differential form of mass conservation equations. Class topics to be covered will include: molecular and turbulent diffusion, boundary layers, dissolution, bed-water exchange, air-water exchange and particle transport. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=f5c3284592d5e34f7924b875a95c6f38 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-061-transport-processes-in-the-environment-fall-2008 Nepf, Heidi 2009-06-23T16:15:58+05:00 1.061 1.61 en-US river systems lake systems scalar transport in environmental flows momentum transport in environmental flows stratification in lakes buoyancy-driven flows settling and coagulation air-water exchange bed-water exchange phase partitioning dissolution boundary layers molecular diffusion turbulent diffusion water transportation advection aquatic systems conservation of mass derivation Diffusion dispersion environmental flows instantaneous point source lakes mass transport particle transport rivers scaling transport turbulence water flow 1.061 1.61 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course introduces students to climate studies, including beginnings of the solar system, time scales, and climate in human history. It is offered to both undergraduate and graduate students with different requirements. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=b1790fcccb9fd9f25e38b53cfb462de8 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-842-climate-physics-and-chemistry-fall-2008 Wunsch, Carl Boyle, Edward Emanuel, Kerry 2009-06-17T15:24:24+05:00 12.842 12.301 en-US climate climate change proxies ice cores primordial atmosphere ozone chemistry carbon and oxygen cycles heat and water budgets aerosols water vapor clouds ocean circulation orbital variations volcanism plate tectonics solar system solar variability climate model energy balance MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This undergraduate class is designed to introduce students to the physics that govern the circulation of the ocean and atmosphere. The focus of the course is on the processes that control the climate of the planet.AcknowledgmentsProf. Ferrari wishes to acknowledge that this course was originally designed and taught by Prof. John Marshall. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=e2480640fdf0ff61fdba0516d45f6ece http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-003-atmosphere-ocean-and-climate-dynamics-fall-2008 Ferrari, Raffaele 2009-06-17T15:24:35+05:00 12.003 en-US 1. Characteristics of the atmosphere Characteristics of the atmosphere global energy balance greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Atmospheric layers pressure and density Convection adiabatic lapse rate Humidity Convective clouds Temperature Pressure and geopotential height Winds Fluids in motion Hydrostatic balance Incompressible flow compressible flow radial inflow Geostrophic motion Taylor-Proudman Theorem Ekman layer Coriolis force Rossby number Hadley circulation ocean seawater salinity geostrophic and hydrostatic balance inhomogeneity Abyssal circulation thermohaline circulation MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This class introduces scientific, economic, and ecological issues underlying the threat of global climate change, and the institutions engaged in negotiating an international response. It also develops an integrated approach to analysis of climate change processes, and assessment of proposed policy measures, drawing on research and model development within the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=4519ff298cebb33d72519ab990693b58 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-023j-global-climate-change-economics-science-and-policy-spring-2008 Jacoby, Henry Prinn, Ronald Webster, Mort Franck, Travis Lee, Eunjee 2009-01-07T23:00:24+05:00 15.023J 12.848J ESD.128J en-US global climate change economics science and policy ecological issues threat international response climate change processes policy measures research and model development MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm Required for all Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences majors in the Environmental Science track, this course is an introduction to current research in the field. Stresses integration of central scientific concepts in environmental policy making and the chemistry, biology, and geology environmental science tracks. Revisits selected core themes for students who have already acquired a basic understanding of environmental science concepts. The topic for this term is geoengineering. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=90bc3205ee13633314e63c605b0fc2b5 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-085-seminar-in-environmental-science-spring-2008 Rothman, Daniel 2008-10-30T12:22:43+05:00 12.085 en-US environmental science geoengineering geology geochemistry nuclear waste disposal planetary exploration coastal land-use policy international regulations for protecting the open-ocean environment environmental change natural hazards MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This class examines how and why twentieth-century Americans came to define the "good life" through consumption, leisure, and material abundance. We will explore how such things as department stores, nationally advertised brand-name goods, mass-produced cars, and suburbs transformed the American economy, society, and politics. The course is organized both thematically and chronologically. Each period deals with a new development in the history of consumer culture. Throughout we explore both celebrations and critiques of mass consumption and abundance. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=787c431bb7cd5f4f1eac349f41de35fb http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/history/21h-206-american-consumer-culture-fall-2007 Jacobs, Meg 2008-06-18T03:41:01+05:00 21H.206 en-US twentieth century history history popular culture united states marketing mass-production consumption economics politics middle class advertising status American Dream mass-market suburbs e-commerce fast food MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm in the trilogy of D-Lab courses, D-Lab III focuses on disseminating innovations among underserved communities, especially in developing countries. Students acquire skills related to building partnerships and piloting, financing, implementing, and scaling-up a selected innovation for the common good. The course is structured around MIT and outside competitions. Teams develop an idea, project or (social) business plan that is "ready to roll" by term's end. Course includes an on-line forum discussion board, student-led case studies and a final proposal or business plan for realizing your dream innovation. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=ee1b43502beb5cc8e7ebbdae886ff3ff http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/special-programs/sp-723-d-lab-disseminating-innovations-for-the-common-good-spring-2007 Murcott, Susan 2008-06-11T10:47:33+05:00 SP.723 en-US development innovation technology implementation third world developing nations social business plan project development poverty hygiene health MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm "Energy, Environment and Society" is an opportunity for first-year students to make direct contributions to energy innovations at MIT and in local communities. The class takes a project-based approach, bringing student teams together to conduct studies that will help MIT, Cambridge and Boston to make tangible improvements in their energy management systems. Students will develop a thorough understanding of energy systems and their major components through guest lectures by researchers from across MIT and will apply that knowledge in their projects. Students are involved in all aspects of project design, from the refinement of research questions to data collection and analysis, conclusion drawing and presentation of findings. Each student team will work closely with experts including local stakeholders as well as leading technology companies throughout the development and implementation of their projects. Projects in this course center on renewable energy and energy efficiency. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=be7f37dc0a5a38b143787bec9661eaa6 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-92-energy-environment-and-society-spring-2007 Conlin, Beth Tester, Jefferson W. Steinfeld, Jeffrey Graham, Amanda 2007-11-16T14:41:46+05:00 5.92 en-US energy environment society energy initiative project-based energy management project design renewable energy energy efficiency transportation wind power wind mill energy recovery nuclear reactor infrastructure climate thermodynamics sustainable energy energy calculator solar power solarthermal solar photovoltaic greenhouse gas emissions turbines MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm The course aims at providing a fundamental understanding of the physics related to buildings and to propose an overview of the various issues that have to be adequately combined to offer the occupants a physical, functional and psychological well-being. Students will be guided through the different components, constraints and systems of a work of architecture. These will be examined both independently and in the manner in which they interact and affect one another. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=16e561fcfdd9f1cc8bc15cfeabe43c33 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/architecture/4-401-introduction-to-building-technology-spring-2006 Andersen, Marilyne 2007-11-09T16:30:39+05:00 4.401 en-US building technology envelope interior equipment technological constraints architectural design climate construction methods and issues heat and air flow thermal comfort and insulation passive and active heating and cooling natural and electric lighting visual comfort MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm ERBA (ESD.72) emphasizes three methodologies - reliability and probabilistic risk assessment (RPRA), decision analysis (DA), and cost-benefit analysis (CBA). In this class, the issues of interest are: the risks associated with large engineering projects such as nuclear power reactors, the International Space Station, and critical infrastructures; the development of new products; the design of processes and operations with environmental externalities; and infrastructure renewal projects. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=2a3e33cfde3de23be55392a370a2a085 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/engineering-systems-division/esd-72-engineering-risk-benefit-analysis-spring-2007 Apostolakis, George 2007-10-26T00:47:48+05:00 ESD.72 1.155 2.963 3.577 6.938 10.816 16.862 22.82 en-US risk analysis decision analysis uncertainty cost-benefit analysis remedial action alternative probability utility functions environmental remediation risk aversion multistage decision models axioms of rational behavior design decisions fault-tolerant design risk management MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course focuses on strategic and political implications of ongoing trends in global energy markets, particularly markets for crude oil and natural gas. The course examines the world's major oil and natural gas producing regions: the Middle East, the Caspian Region, Russia, Venezuela, and the North Sea. Producer-consumer relationships are considered for China, India, Japan, and the United States. United States foreign policy implications, especially with respect to China, are discussed. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=84d66c804b7b8c2a6b29331400f4c787 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/political-science/17-906-reading-seminar-in-social-science-the-geopolitics-and-geoeconomics-of-global-energy-spring-2007 Leverett, Flynt Staniland, Paul 2007-10-12T01:02:34+05:00 17.906 17.951 en-US MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm Through site-specific client-based work, this course will allow students to materially contribute to redevelopment decision-making regarding a former inner-city industrial site. The course will focus on generating and analyzing pragmatic redevelopment scenarios given the issues of brownfields and environmental contamination, community preferences, regulatory constraints and economic realities. The course is designed along two parallel and mutually reinforcing educational tracks: Field learning and classroom reflection, with ample time built into the schedule for both. As the course will focus on an actual site, there will be a sizeable portion of student time spent on location and in the surrounding community. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=e81a563ec9156c7ed322e2af6ec372d1 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/urban-studies-and-planning/11-362-environmental-management-practicum-brownfield-redevelopment-fall-2006 Hamilton, James 2007-10-08T01:47:38+05:00 11.362 en-US redevelopment brownfields environmental contamination communities regulatory constraints economics community-based planning stakeholder interviews project assessment Boston Dorchester transit jobs housing physical design MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course examines quantitative techniques for life cycle analysis of the impacts of materials extraction, processing use, and recycling; and economic analysis of materials processing, products, and markets. Student teams undertake a major case study using the latest methods of analysis and computer-based models of materials process. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=03e20a4d5c2f2b1b1e4b782183febc86 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/engineering-systems-division/esd-123j-systems-perspectives-on-industrial-ecology-spring-2006 Field, Frank Gregory, Jeremy Kirchain, Randolph 2007-09-28T00:08:02+05:00 ESD.123J 1.814J 3.560J en-US Sustainability environment manufacturing life-cycle analysis life-cycle assessment LCA system design materials selection waste recycling environmentalism environmental policy industrial policy MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course examines the dynamic interrelations among physical and behavioral traits of humans, environment, and culture to provide an integrated framework for studying human biological evolution and modern diversity. Topics include issues in morphological evolution and adaptation; fossil and cultural evidence for human evolution from earliest times through the Pleistocene; evolution of tool use and social behavior; modern human variation and concepts of race. The class also studies stone artifacts and fossil specimens. http://www.pheedcontent.com/click.phdo?i=1f308268813821d3fe7836bb04d032d9 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-987-human-origins-and-evolution-spring-2006 Merrick, Harry 2007-07-13T00:47:41+05:00 3.987 en-US cultural evolution, pre-hominid, hominid, Pleistocene adaptations, morphological variation, race, agriculture, urbanization, paleontology, archaeology, Oligocene, Miocene, Homo, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens, fossil cultural evolution pre-hominid hominid Pleistocene adaptations morphological variation race agriculture urbanization paleontology archaeology Oligocene Miocene Homo Homo erectus Homo heidelbergensis Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens fossil MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm